Considering that the description from the APS syndrome, a number of cardiac manifestations have been described which include cardiac valvular abnormalities (Libman-Sacks endocarditis) . Coronary artery disease in young adults and coronary artery bypass graft occlusions happen to be reported in APS individuals . Though common myocardial infarction (MI) is very well described in patients with APS , a variety of reports have described MI and so named Syndrome X within the absence of atherosclerotic obstructive coronary artery lesions . Cardiac Syndrome X is defined from the presence of angina-like chest ache, a constructive response to anxiety testing and usual coronary arteriograms. Syndrome X is viewed in menopausal ladies and so was linked to reduced oestrogen levels. However, in APS individuals, Syndrome X and MI have been observed in youthful females who were not menopausal. Histopathological findings in myocardial tissue of a patient with APS, showed a non-inflammatory micro-vasculopathy, characterized by thrombi, and additional ultra-structural studies confirmed the thrombosis and demonstrated endothelial activation . These findings support the hypothesis the endothelial dysfunction and subsequent thrombosis noticed inside the APS individuals may well be accountable for Syndrome X/MI and argues against the lack of oestrogen theory. Professionals in this area advocate long term anticoagulation in this group of individuals.




